Red Thunder Cloud

West died at St. Vincent's Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts following a stroke, January 8, 1996, at the age of 76. At the time of his death, Leonor Pena, a close friend from Central Falls, Rhode Island, gave his name as Carlos Westez and included the alias Namos S. Hatiririe. She listed his occupation as "shaman". His sister, as administrator to his will in probate court, gave his name as Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West.

In 1964 and 1965 he worked with G. Hubert Matthews, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was also able to convince Matthews that he could help document the Catawba language. Together they published five texts in 1967. Matthews included in these books West's fabricated family genealogy, listing West's nonexistent Catawba ancestors in his maternal line. West told Matthews his mother's name was “Singing Dove” and that her father was “Strong Eagle,” saying the latter was a graduate of Yale Law School and had died in 1941. However, West's mother was actually Roberta M. Hawkins West, and her father, William Ashbie Hawkins (1862-1941) was not only one of the first Black lawyers in Baltimore, but a prominent and well-known community leader, the son of the Rev. Robert Hawkins and Susan (Cobb) Hawkins, all very well-known, and well-documented African-American people.

In a letter dated October 25, 1958, West offered assistance to Sturtevant in making contact with Indian groups in the eastern United States, notably the Wampanoag. His correspondence claimed that his mother was Catawba and his father was from Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and came from Honduran and Puerto Rican parentage. West also stated that he spoke Spanish and Portuguese as well as Native American languages including "Cayuaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Narragansett, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Creek, Choctaw, Sioux [sic], and Winnebago". In addition, he claimed he was able to recognize other Indian languages when he heard them spoken.

According to Chief Gilbert Blue of the Catawba Nation, West met with his grandfather, Chief Sam Blue, as well as with Sally Gordon during his second visit to the reservation, which West reported lasting for six months. Other sources claim West was met with rejection by tribal leadership and was told to leave shortly after arriving. When interviewed in 1957 by William C. Sturtevant, Chief Sam Blue and his daughter-in-law Lillian said they did not believe West was Native American. "Sam Blue thought [West] had learned the few words of Catawba that he knew from Speck's books."

West only visited the Catawba Reservation in Rock Hill, South Carolina, for the first time in February 1944. He arrived with a letter of introduction from Speck. While Speck insisted that West "spoke Catawba", he seems to have been alone in this claim; Chief Sam Blue, a native speaker of the Catawba language, said West only knew "a few words of Catawba" and that this small bit all seems to have come from Speck's books.

In December 1943, West lived at the University of Pennsylvania for two weeks, providing what he convinced them was information on the Catawba tribe, recording music, and aiding in ethnobotanical research, despite not being Catawba himself, and having never visited a Catawba community.

In the late 1940s he self-published a newsletter called The Indian War Drum: The Voice of the Eastern Indians.

In 1938, 19 year old West wrote a letter to Frank G. Speck, a professor of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, claiming that he was a 16 year old Catawba Indian. He asked Speck for help in learning more about his people and told him that he had been interested in Native American culture since the fourth grade. He claimed that he was raised by the Narragansett tribe of Rhode Island and had lived with the Shinnecock tribe since 1937. In this letter he claimed that he learned the Catawba language from his grandmother, Ada McMechen. However, he also mentions Gatschet's extensive, published work on the Catawba language, which is a far more likely source for his knowledge, as are the works of James Smith. The 19 year old West then proceeded to sign this letter with the name, "Chief Red Thunder Cloud".

Red Thunder Cloud (May 30, 1919 – January 8, 1996), born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, also known as Carlos Westez, was a singer, dancer, storyteller, and field researcher. For a time he was promoted by anthropologists as "the last fluent speaker of the Catawba language" but he was later revealed to have learned what little he knew of the language from books. The grandson of a prominent African-American attorney and community leader, Red Thunder Cloud was an African American who reinvented himself as a Native American.

Red Thunder Cloud was born on May 30, 1919, as Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West in Newport, Rhode Island, to Cromwell Payne West of Pennsylvania and Roberta Hawkins West of Lynchburg, Virginia. Both were of African American descent. His maternal grandfather was William Ashbie Hawkins, one of the first African-American lawyers in Baltimore. From 1935 to 1937 West was employed by the Newport City wharf as a watchman and later as a chauffeur.