Dorothy Gould Burns

During this period she traveled as a citizen of the United States using a United States passport which expired in 1934. The United States Department of State refused to renew her United States passport, so she traveled under an "affidavit in lieu of passport" issued by the American Consulate in Switzerland. When the Germans occupied France, she returned to the United States in 1941 on a newly issued United States passport. She remained only briefly and entered Cuba where she met her second husband, Archibald Burns, a Mexican national of Scottish parents. She traveled with him to Mexico where they married in 1944. He might have been a polo player.

On May 5, 1925, she married a Swiss citizen, Baron Roland Graffenried de Villars (1899–1978) in Paris at a private ceremony at the Church of Notre Dame de Passy. Roland was the second son of Baron Eduard Anton Friedrich Paul Maria Graffenried de Villars and Laure Therese Marie de Chollet. He briefly worked with her father. Before their divorce in 1936, they had two daughters:

In 1919 she left the United States for Europe, and she never re-established a legal residence in the United States.

Dorothy Gould Burns (March 24, 1904 – July 6, 1969), known as Baroness Dorothy de Graffenried de Villars, was the subject of a court case concerning when a United States citizen who lives overseas has undergone expatriation or has become a dual national and thus still subject to United States taxation.

Dorothy Gould was born in New York City in 1904 to Frank Jay Gould and Helen Margaret Kelly. Her parents divorced and her father remarried twice, including to Florence La Caze whom he married in 1923 and remained married until his death in 1956. Her sister, Helen Marguerite Gould, was the wife of Raymond, Baron of Montenach.